New word

- Eligible: Có thể bỏ qua, rất nhỏ

Enable OpenSSL in PHP for windows

Nếu dùng XAMPP để cài đặt apache, php thì sau khi cài mặc định OpenSSL chưa được enable

Cách enable openssl như sau:
1. Sửa file php.ini trong /xampp/php/php.ini thêm dòng extension=php_openssl.dll nếu chưa có (bỏ dấu comment nếu đã có dòng này)
2. Copy 2 file libeay.dll và ssleay.dll từ /xampp/php vào 2 nơi:
- Windows/System32: đảm bảo khi chạy load được thư viện
- /xampp/apache/bin: đảm bảo các thư viện cùng phiên bản với nhau (nếu không khi chạy encrypt có thể gây crash)

- chú ý đến file openssl.cnf trong quá trình code

Vocabulary from news

(1) adequately (adv): một cách tương xứng
Ex. Schools should pay teachers adequately so that they can concentrate on their teaching

(2) Sovereignty: chủ quyền

(3) prestigious: có uy tín 

Ex. Bach Mai is the largest and the most prestigious in Hanoi and Vietnam so even rich patients have to except its poor facilities

(4)  took advantage: lợi dụng
Ex. He took advantage of my fault to criticize my father

(5) monopoly: độc quyền 

(6) sufferer: người bị thiệt, người cam chịu
Ex. Farmers are always sufferers

Children's ideas about the rainforests and the implications for course design

Adults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical rainforests. For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes - about the duration of a normal classroom period. In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests - what and where they are important, what endangers them - independent of any formal tuition. It is also possible that some of these ideas will be mistaken.

Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about 'pure', curiculum science. These misconceptions do not remain isolate but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, makeing it and the component ideas, some of which are erronous, more robust but also accessible to modification. These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media. Sometimes this information may be erronous. It seems schools may not be providing an oppotunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers.

Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is availble about children's ideas in this area. The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools.

The study surveys children 's scientific knowledge and attitudes to rainforests. Secondary school children's scien

What is an ASBO

A subjective definition of anti-social behavior permit you to cast your net wide and include anything you find personally disagreeable; the legal definition is also widely inclusive. To quote (trích dẫn, nêu ra) the Crime and Disorder Act, it is behavior which 'causes or is likely to cause harassment (sự quấy rầy, quấy rối), alarm or distress (nỗi buồn, nỗi đau buồn) to one of more people who are not in the same household as the perpetrator (thủ phạm, kẻ gây ra)'. This includes among many other things, foul (hôi thối, bẩn thỉu) and abusive (lăng mạ, sỉ nhục) language, threatening behavior, shouting, disorderly conduct, vandalism (tính chất dã man, tính tàn bạo), intimidation (sự hăm dọa, sự đe dọa), behavior as the result of drug or alcohol misuse (lạm dụng), graffiti and noise which is excessive, particularly at night.

The idea is that ASBO are sanctions (luật pháp, sự thừa nhận) designed to deal with issues that affect  everyone in the community and as such are civil (thuộc công dân) sanctions, not criminal ones, and need the cooperation of the community to be effective. For example, a private individual cannot apply for an ASBO; he or she must make a complaint to the police or local authority, who will then work together to gather more information and build up evidence. This involves (gồm, bao gồm, làm cho dính líu) getting witnesses (nhân chứng), among whom will no doubt be neighbours and acquaintances (sự hiểu biết, sự quen biết), to make statements to the authorities. When the authorities are satisfied that they have enough evidence. the local council (hội đồng) applies to the magistrates court (tòa án) to have an ASBO imposed (đánh thuế, bắt, chịu, gây ấn tượng mạnh)

We still haven't decided what constitutes anti-social behaviour. It does not have to be physical violence, of course, but is far easier to identify and deal with if it is. What about threatening behaviour? We are not talking here about direct threats such as: "if you come round here again, I will beat you up", but situations perceived as threatening. Let's say a pensioner or a person of timid (rụt rè, nhút nhát, sợ hãi) disposition is on their way home and they run into a group of young people who are shouting, swearing (chửi thề) and kicking a ball about and who happen to make a few unkind remarks as the person passes. Let's say the person is alarmed or feels threatened by the situation. Does it merit getting the ASBO process going. 

Các từ chỉ sự tăng và giảm trong IELTS task 1

Tăng và giảm
Dùng động từ:
1/ Tăng (increase): rise, augment, grow, go up (v), to be up
- tăng nhanh: soar (v), sky-rocket (v), shoot up (v)
- tăng chậm, nhích từng chút một: inch up (v)
- leo thang: escalate (v, escalation (n)), climb (v)
- lên tới đỉnh: to reach a peak, peak (v)

2/ Giảm (decrease): fall (v, n), drop (v, n), tumble (v), slump (v), decline (v), go down (v), to be down
- giảm nhanh: plunge (v), nose-dive (v), plummet
- Thu hẹp (e.g., thị phần): diminish, shrink, contract
- Chạm đáy: to reach/hit rock-bottom, a trough (điểm đáy)
Reduce khác với fall, hay drop ở chỗ to reduce là transitive verb (to reduce ST) trong khi fall và drop là intransitive verb. Vd: The company reduced their prices, but their prices fell.

3/ Ổn định: level out (v)

Dùng thêm tính từ/trạng từ:
Chúng ta có thể dùng adj hay adverbs để bổ sung cho động từ.

+ Để chỉ cường độ:
Mạnh: dramatic (dramatically), sharp (sharply), huge (hugely), enormous (enormously), steep (steeply), tremendous (tremendously)
Nhiều, đáng kể: substantial (substantially), considerable (considerably), significant (significantly), marked (markedly)
Vừa phải: moderate (moderately)
Nhẹ: slight (slightly)
Ít: small, little
Tối thiểu: minimal (minimally)

+ Để chỉ tốc độ:
Nhanh, thình lình: rapid (rapidly), quick (quickly), swift (swiftly), sudden (suddenly)
Đều: steady (steadily), constant (constantly). Thường dùng kiểu như to remain unchanged/stable/steady, to stay constant
Dần dần: gradual (gradually)
Chậm: slow (slowly)

Trích blog: CAPTAIN BEAR (http://englishtime.us/forum/default.aspx?g=posts&t=5658)

Insomnia - The enemy of sleep

It is not unusual to have sleep troubles from time to time. But, if you feel you do not get enough sleep or satisfying sleep, you may have insomnia, a sleep disorder. People with insomnia have one or more of the following: difficulty falling asleep, waking up often during the night and having trouble going back to sleep, waking up too early in the morning and unrefreshing sleep. Insomnia is not defined by the number of hours you sleep every night. The amount of sleep a person needs varies. While most people need between 7 and 8 hours of sleep a night some people do well with less, an some need more.

Insomnia occurs most frequently in people over age 60, in people with a history of depression, and in women, especially after menopause. Severe emotional trauma can also cause insomnia with divorced, widowed and separated people being the most likely to suffer from this sleep disorder. Stress, anxiety, illness and other sleep disorders such as restless legs syndrome are the most common causes of insomnia. An irregular work schedule, jet lag or brain damage from a stroke or Alzeimer's disease can also cause insomnia as well as excessive use of alcohol or illicit drugs. It can also accompany a variety of mental illnesses.

The mechanism that induces sleeps is not know. When it becomes dark, the pineal gland in the brain secretes a hormone called melatonin, which is thought to induce sleep. Exactly why sleep is necessary for good health and efficient mental functioning is unknown. We do know that sleep consist of two very different states: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM sleep. In REM sleep, dreams occur, the eyes move under the closed lids and there is an increase in oxygen consumption. blood flow and neural activity. REM sleep occurs four or five times during a night. The periods of REM sleep alternate with longer periods of non-REM sleep, when body functions a sleeper. As the night goes on, the periods of non-REM sleep become progressively lighter. Sleep in stages 1 and 2 are felt to be restorative as during this time body repairs itself utilising a hormone called somatostatin. Lack of stage 4 sleep is believed to be importance in chronically painful conditions such as fibromyalgia.

Healthcare providers diagnose insomnia in several days. One way is to categorize insomnia by how often it occurs. Another way is to identify the insomnia by what is causing the sleep deprivation. The two main types of insomnia have been described as Primary Insomnia and Secondary Insomnia. Primary insomnia is a chronic condition with little apparent association with stress or medical problem. The most common form of primary insomnia is psychophysiological insomnia. Secondary Insomnia is caused by symptoms that accompany a medical condition such as anxiety, depression or pain.

Improving one's sleep hygiene helps improve insomnia in all patients. Relaxing during the hour before you go to sleep and creating a comfortable environment suited for sleep can be helpful. Older people who wake up earlier than normal or have trouble falling asleep may need less sleep than they used to. Changing one's sleep pattern, either by going to bed later or waking up earlier can be effective in dealing with insomnia in older people. Therapy also depends on the cause and severity of the conditions last only a few days as a time. However, if insomnia interferes with insomnia is by attacking the underlying cause. For example, people who are depressed often have insomnia and looking at this problem may eliminate it.