Deer Farming in Australia

Paragraph A

Deer are not indigenous to Australia. They were introduced into the country during the nineteenth century under the acclimatization programs governing the introduction of exotic species of animals and birds into Australia. Six species of deer were released at various locations. The animals dispersed and established wild populations at various locations across Australia, mostly depending upon their points of release into the wild. These animals formed the basis for the deer industry in Australia today

Commercial deer farming in Australia commenced in Vitoria in 1971 with the authorized capture of rusa deer from Royal National Park. Until 1985, only four species of deer, two from temperate climates (red, fallow) and two tropical species (rusa, chital) were confined for commercial farming. Late in 1985, pressure from industry to increase heard numbers saw the development of import protocols. This resulted in the introduction of large numbers of red deer hybrids from New Zealand and North American elk directly from Canada. The national farmed deer herd is now distributed throughout all states although most are in New South Wales and Vitoria

Paragraph B

The number of animals processed annually has continued to increase despite the downward trend in venison prices since 1997. Of concern is the apparent increase in the number of female animals processed and the number of whole herds committed for processing with more than 40,000 animals processed in 1998/99 and 60,000 in 1999/2000, there is justified concern that future years may see a dramatic drop in production. At least 85% of all venison produced is exported in an unprocessed state to Asia.

Scheme to promote Australian deer products continue to have positive effect on sales that in turn have a positive effect on prices paid to growers. The industry appears to be showing limited signs that it is emerging from a state of depression cause both internal and external factors that include: (i) the Asian currency downturn; (ii) the industry is lack of of competitive advantage in influential markets (particularly in respect to New Zealand competition) , and: (iii) within industry processing and marketing competition for limited product volumes of venison

Paragraph C

From the formation of the Australian Deer Breeders Federation in 1979, the industry representative body has evolved through the Deer Farmers Federation of Australia to the Deer Industry Association of Australia Ltd (DIAA), which was registered in 1995. The industry has established two product development and marketing companies, the Australian Deer Horn and Co-Products Pty Ltd (ADH) and the Deer Industry projects and Development Pty Ltd, which trades as the Deer Industry Company (DIC). ADH collects and markets Australian deer horn and co-products on behalf of Australian deer farmers. It promotes the harvest of velvet antler according to the strict quality assurance program promoted by the industry. The company also plans and co-ordinates regular velvet accreditation courses for Australian deer framers.

Pargraph D

Estimates suggest that until the early 1990s the rate of the annual increase in the number of farmed deer was up to 25%, but after 1993 this rate of increase fell to probably less than 10%. The main reasons for the decline in the deer herd growth rate at such a critical time for market were: (i) severe drought condition up to 1998 affecting eastern Australia during 1993-96 and (ii) the consequent slaughter of large numbers of breeding females, at very low prices. These factors combined to decrease confidence within the industry. Lack of confidence saw a drop in new investment within the industry and a lack of willingness of established farmers to expand their herds. With the development of strong overseas markets for venison and velvet and the prospect of better seasons ahead in 1996, the trends described were herd was seen to impose undesirable restraints on the rate at which herd numbers could be expanded to meet the demands for products.

Supply difficulties were exacerbated when the supply of products, particularly venison, was maintained by the slaughter of young breeding females. The net result depletion of the industry's female breeding herds

Paragraph E

Industry programs are funded by statutory levies on sales of animals for venison, velvet antler sales and the sale of live animals into export markets. The industry has a 1996-2000 five year plan including animal nutrition, pasture quality, carcass quality, antler harvesting promotional materiel and technical bulletins. All projects have generated a significant volume of information, which compliments similar work undertaken in New Zealand and other deer farming countries.

Major projects funded by levy funds include the Venison Market Project from 1992 to 1996. This initiative resulted in a dramatic increase in international demand for Australian venison and an increase in the domestic consumption of venison. In an effort to maintain existing venison markets in the short term and to increase them in the long term, in 1997 the industry's top priority became the increase in size and production capacity of the national herd.

Vocabulary

- deer : con hươu
- disperse: giải tán, phân tán, xua tan

- indigenous: = native: bản xứ, bản địa

- acclimatization:sự thích nghi khí hậu

- exotic: kỳ lạ, cực đẹp, ở nước ngoài đưa vào

- species: loài, giống

- commenced: sự khởi đầu, bắt đầu

- confined: xác nhận cho, giam hãm, giam cầm

- apparent: easy to see (rõ ràng, dễ nhận biết)

- emerging: đang phát triển, mới nổi (emerging countries: các nước phát triển)

- emerge: nổi lên, hiện lên, lòi ra

- depression: sự thụt, lõm, giảm

- annual: hàng năm (thường niên)

- slaughter: = skill (giết mổ, giết thịt)

Australia linguistic's History

Aboriginal Australian was multilingual in the sense that more than two hundred languages were spoken in specific territorial areas which together comprised the whole country. Because mobility was restricted, one language group had knowledge of its own language together with some knowledge of the languages spoken in the territories immediately adjacent to their own

Người thổ dân Australia sử dụng rất nhiều ngôn ngữ, cụ thể có đến hơn 200 ngôn ngữ được sử dụng trong các vùng lãnh thổ trên toàn quốc. Vì sự di chuyển giới hạn, mỗi nhóm ngôn ngữ có cơ sở riêng của nó và của các nhóm ngôn ngữ lân cận.

However, from the beginning of European settlement in 1788, English was given predominance by the settlers. By 1983, about 83 percent of the Australian population spoke English as a mother tongue. Less than one percent did not use English at all. The preeminence of the English language reflects the fact that European settlement of this continent has been chiefly by English - speaking people, despite prior Portuguese and Dutch coastal exploration

Tuy nhiên, bắt đầu từ sự thiết lập của châu âu năm 1788, tiếng Anh được sử dụng chủ yếu bởi những kẻ thực dân. Năm 1983, có khoảng 83% dân số Australia nói tiếng Anh như tiếng mẹ đẻ. Chỉ hơn 1% hoàn toàn không nói tiếng Anh. Sự nồi trội của tiếng Anh phản ánh một thực tế rằng sự thiết lập của Châu âu trên đại lục này đứng đầu là những người nói tiếng Anh, mặc dù tiếng Bồ đào nha, tiếng Hà lan đã được khai phá từ trước

The first white settlers, convicts and soldiers and, later, free settlers, came almost exclusively from the British Isles. Some of these settlers spoke the standard form of English whilst others spoke a wide variety of the non-standard form of English that flourished in various areas of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales. In addition many the Celtic languages including Gaelic, Irish and Welsh. However, speaker of languages other than English did not arrive in the Australia colonies in significant numbers until the goldrushes of the 1850s, which attracted people from all over the world, including substantial numbers from China.

Những người đến định cư đầu tiên, những người lính và sau đó là những người định cư tự do hầu hết đến từ quần đảo Anh. Một bộ phận những người định cư này nói thứ tiếng Anh chuẩn, số còn lại nói rất nhiều loại tiếng Anh khác nhau đến từ nhiều nơi: Anh quốc, Scotland, Ai-len và xứ Wales. Thêm vào đó có cả các nhóm người nói tiếng Celtic bao gồm Gaelic, Irish and Welsh. Tuy nhiên số lượng những người không nói tiếng Anh đến Australia là không đáng kể cho đến khi hiện tượng đổ xô đi tìm vàng xuất hiện những năm 1850s, điều này thu hút mọi người trên toàn thế giới đổ xô đến Australia bao gồm số lượng lớn từ Trung quốc

The reaction of the Europeans to the Chinese led to restriction on Chinese and other non-European immigration this Act hindered the spread of non-European languages in Australian colonies. In 1891, about four percent of the total population was of German origin.

Sự phản ứng của Châu âu đối với Trung quốc đã hạn chế số lượng người Trung quốc và những người không thuộc châu âu nhập cư, và ngăn cản sự mở rộng của những ngôn ngữ phi châu âu ở lãnh thổ Australia. Năm 1891 có khoảng 4% tổng dân số có gốc Đức ở Australia

Despite increased immigration from southern Europe, Germany, and Est-ern Europe during 1920s and 1930s, the period from 1900 to 1946 saw the consolidation of the English language in Australia. This process was accelerated by the xenophobia engendered by the two world wars which resulted in a decline in German in particular and of all non-English in general. As the Department of Immigration and Ethnic Affaires noted, the result was that 'at the end of World War II, Australia was at its most monolingual ever 90 percent of the population tracing its ancestry to Britain.

Mặc dầu sự nhập khẩu vào Úc gia tăng từ phía đông châu âu, Đức và phía tây châu âu những năm 1920 và 1930s. Giai đoạn từ năm 1900 đến 1946 chứng kiến sự vững chắc của tiếng Anh ở Australia. 

The post-war migration program reversed the process of increasing English monolingual-ism. The post-war period also witnessed a reversal of a trend of diminishing numbers of Australians of Aboriginal and Asian descent. Dr C. Price, a demographer at the Australian National University, has estimated that in 1947 only 59000 Aborigines remained from a population of 110,000 in 1891 by 1981 their numbers had increased to 160. Between 1947 and 1971, nearly three million people came to settle in Australia. About 60 percent came from non-English speaking countries, notably, Italy, Greece, Cyprus, Yugoslavia, Turkey, Germany and the Netherlands. Since 1973, Australian immigration policies have not discriminated against people on the grounds of race, and more Asian settlers have arrived, especially from South East Asia generally and, more recently, from East Timor and Vietnam in particular. Between 1971 and 1981the Asian population of Australia more than doubled to 8.5 percent of the total overseas-born population. Traditional migration from Europe, although remaining substantial. declined in relative importance during this decade. The numbers of new settlers from Lebanon and New Zealand also more than doubled during this period and there was much greater migration from Latin America, Africa and Oceania

Vocabulary:
- aboriginal: thổ dân
- territorial: lãnh thổ
- comprise = include, consist, contain
- settle: = setting up, establish
- predominance: vượt trội, nổi trội
- preeminence: nở rộ
- goldrushes: hiện tượng đổ xô đi tìm vàng
- goldrusher: những người đổ xô đi tìm vàng
- consolidation: vững chắc, làm cho vững chắc, thống nhất...
- xenophobia: sự bài ngoại (không thích dùng đồ ngoại)
- engender: sinh ra, gây ra, đem lại 

IELTS Reading Comprehension strategy

With normal question (choose the best answer in 4 answers)
(1) Read the title first to know what it is
(2) Read the question one by one
(3) Try to understand question (get the main meaning): Find out the keyword or clue
(4) Do scheme/ scan the text (read quickly)
(5) Looking for the similar/opposite word to the keyword/clue
(6) Stop to see if it is the answer / or expand reading to surrounding

With question finding the title of each paragraph
(1) Read the title/heading first to know what the passage talk about
(2) Spend 2 minutes to scan all passage: focus on Abbreviation, number, figure...
(3) Read paragraph one by one
- To find out the title (topic) of the paragraph: read only the first and the second sentence of each paragraph try to understand as detail as possible. Scan quickly the others (the rest of paragraph)
- In some situations, you should read the last sentence of the paragraph to imply the topic